Trypoxylon figulus♀︎♂︎

Last update: 26 November 2024


Uncommon

Species Trypoxylon figulus
Genus TRYPOXYLON
Family CRABRONIDAE



Ecological role Predator + pollinator

Voltinism Univoltine
Activity
janfebmaraprmayjunjulaugsepoctnovdec

Observations
2021-VII-032016-VI-12
Months
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Years
20162021

Nesting strategy Hypergeic
Nestarchitecture Broodcells
Nest diameters (mm)
122.53456789101112131415




Last changes:
2024/11/26: Additional identification characters added


Official name:

Synonyms:

Trypoxylon figulus [Soortenregister]


see more on: www.gbif.org

Etymology:

figulus

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎

CONTENTS

1. Distribution
2. Behaviour
3. Plant relations
4. Prey relations
5. Parasitic relations
6. Identification

 

1. DISTRIBUTION

Trypoxylon figulus is an uncommon wasp [Waarneming.nl] that occurs throughout the Netherlands [Peeters et al. 2004].

Garden species

The species is yearly returning guest in larger numbers in our garden.

2. BEHAVIOUR

2.1. ACTIVITY

The species is active from half April to half October [Peeters et al. 2004].

More generations per year are possible [Blösch 2000].

2.2. DEVELOPMENT

Nest

The females of this hypergeic species gnaw nests in marrow of natural tube-like structures like plant stems [Ruchin & Antropov 2019], but also in abandoned insect burrows [Fabian et al. 2014], cavities in masonry [Lomholdt 1984] and thatched roofs [Blösch 2000].

Nest consist of sequential rows of brood cells in corridors that can be up to 20 cm deep. Brood cells for males are smaller in length and diameter than those for females [Breugel 2014],[Danks 1971]. The nest medium can therefore be decisive for the ratio male to female [Danks 1971] that will eventually emerge.

A thin mud wall of about 0,2mm in width is constructed between the brood cells [Breugel 2014],[Blösch 2000],[Danks 1971] the walls towards the entrance of the nest are built thicker [Blösch 2000],[Danks 1971].

The nest often contains a vestibular cell [Breugel 2014],[Danks 1971], that may be short [Breugel 2014] or missing completely [Breugel 2014,[Danks 1971] and which may contain few prey specimen [Danks 1971].

Nest cells are fill with 1-24 prey specimen [Fabian et al. 2014],[Coudrain et al. 2013], the final amount being determined by the combined weight of the prey specimen [Coudrain et al. 2013].

Nests may be shared with Passaloecus insignis [Woydak 1996], or Psenulus concolor [Woydak 1996].

Egg

Trypoxylon eggs are saussage shaped [Danks 1971]. The egg is usually deposited on the underside of a prey specimen [Blösch 2000]. The egg is deposited on one of the prey specimen, and there seems to be no clear pattern [Breugel 2014],[Blösch 2000],[Danks 1971].

Larva

After three to five days the larva emerges [Breugel 2014],[Blösch 2000] which will finish growing in five to seven days and than starts spinning a cocoon in one or two days [Blösch 2000]. The cocoon is attached to the back wall and in case of large diameter cells [Blösch 2000 is suspended freely in the space by threads from the walls [Breugel 2014],[Blösch 2000].

2.3. BEE HOTEL

The species likes to use artificial nesting help [Breugel 2014], Blösch 2000],[Woydak 1996],[Schwarz 2007].

They use boreholes 2,5 – 6 mm in diameter [Breugel 2014],[Blösch 2000],[Danks 1971].

Garden species

The species is a yearly returning guest on the bee hotels in our garden. She prefers nests in a heigth of 80-140cm. Higher nests are used as well but significantly less frequently.

2.4. HUNTING

A female can catch between 100-300 prey specimen per season [Fabian et al. 2014].

Caught prey are stung [Lomholdt 1984] which will usually result in permanent paralysis [Piek 2013].

3. PLANT RELATIONS

3.1. WOOD TYPES

The following wood types are mentioned in literature as medium for the wasp to built her nests in:

Adoxaceae
(Moschatel family)

Sambucus (Elder) [Blösch 2000]
Asteraceae
(Composite family)

Cirsium (Plume thistles) [Danks 1971]
Onagraceae
(Willowherb
family)

Chamaenerion [Danks 1971]
Poaceae
(Grasses)

Phragmites
Phragmites australis (Common reed) [Coudrain et al. 2013
Rosaceae
(Rose family)

Rubus (Blackberry) [Blösch 2000],[Woydak 1996]
Table 3.1-1: wood types used as nest substrate

3.2. FOOD PLANTS

The following plant species are mentioned in literature as food sources:

Apiaceae [Breugel 2014]
(Umbellifers)


Asteraceae [Breugel 2014]
(Composite family)


Table 3.2-1: Food plants in the Netherlands

4. PREY RELATIONS

The species uses adult [Danks 1971],[Coudrain et al. 2013] and immature [Danks 1971],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019] spiders (Araneae) for her brood [Peeters et al. 2004],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019], and the prey spectrum consist primarily of web building spiders [Coudrain et al. 2013].
Phylloneta impressa seems to be the preferred prey species [Coudrain et al. 2013], but T. figulus does not seem to narrow its choice in prey and has a wide prey spectrum [Coudrain et al. 2013].

The following species and group occurring in the Netherlands [Soortenregister] are mentioned in literature:


Araneidae [Blösch 2000 (als argiopidae)]
(Orb-weaver spiders)

Araneus [Blösch 2000],[Dollfuss 1991 (als Epeira)],[Woydak 1996]
Araneus angulatus (Angular orbweaver) [Coudrain et al. 2013 (onvolwassen)]
Araneus diadematus (Garden spider) [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (onvolwassen)]
Araneus marmoreus (Marbled orbweaver) [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Araneus quadratus (Four-spotted orbweaver) [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Araneus sturmi [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Araniella [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Araniella cucurbitina (Cucumber green orb spider) [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]
Araniella opisthographa [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Argiope
Argiope bruennichi (Wasp spider) [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Cercidia
Cercidia prominens [Danks 1971]

Hypsosinga
Hypsosinga albovittata [Danks 1971 (als Singa albovittata)]
Hypsosinga pygmaea [Danks 1971 (als Singa pygmaea)]

Mangora
– Mangora acalypha (Cricket bat spider) [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Nuctenea
– Nuctenea umbratica (Walnut orbweaver) [Coudrain et al. 2013 (onvolwassen)]

Neoscona
Neoscona adianta [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Singa
Singa hamata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Singa nitidula [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Zilla [Blösch 2000],{Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Woydak 1996]
Dictynidae
Dictyna [Breugel 2014],[Woydak 1996]
Dictyna arundinacea [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Lycosidae [Blösch 2000]
Trochosa [Danks 1971]
Trochosa ruricola (Rustic wolf spider) [Danks 1971]
Linyphiidae [Blösch 2000],[Paern et al. 2015],[Lomholdt 1984]
(Money spiders)

Agyneta
Agyneta rurestris [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen, als Meioneta rurestris)]

Bathyphantes [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Floronia
Floronia bucculenta [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Kaestneria
Kaestneria dorsalis [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Linyphia
Linyphia hortensis [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]
Linyphia triangularis (Common hammock weaver) [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Microlinyphia
Microlinyphia pusilla [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Microneta [Blösch 2000],[Woydak 1996]

Neriene
Neriene montana [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Neriene radiata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Tenuiphantes
Tenuiphantes tenuis [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Salticidae [Paern et al. 2015]
(Jumping spiders)


Heliophanus
Heliophanus flavipes [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Salticus [Blösch 2000],[Lomholdt 1984],[Woydak 1996]
Salticus scenicus [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Synageles [Blösch 2000],[Woydak 1996]
Synageles venator [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Tetragnathidae

Tetragnatha [Lomholdt 1984],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Tetragnatha extensa [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Metellina [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Metellina segmentata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Theridiidae
(Cobweb spiders)

Anelosimus
Anelosimus vittatus [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Cryptachaea
Cryptachaea riparia [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Enoplognatha [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Enoplognatha ovata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]

Neottiura
Neottiura bimaculata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Parasteatoda
Parasteatoda lunata [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]
Parasteatoda simulans [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Parasteatoda tepidariorum [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Phylloneta
Phylloneta impressa [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen, als Phylloneta impressum]
Phylloneta sisyphia [Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Platnickina
Platnickina tincta [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]

Simitidion
Simitidion simile [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Theridion [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Theridion pictum [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Theridion pinastri [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Theridion varians [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013 (volwassen)]
Thomisidae [Paern et al. 2015]
(Crab spiders)

Xysticus [Blösch 2000],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Woydak 1996]
Philodromidae
Philodromus
Philodromus aureolus [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Philodromus cespitum [Coudrain et al. 2013 (on- & volwassen)]
Table 4-1: Prey species in the Netherlands

Prey species outside the Netherlands:

Theridiidae
(Cobweb spiders)
Theridion
Theridion sisyphium [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Table 4-2: Prey species outside the Netherlands

5. PARASITIC RELATIONS

The following species and groups occurring in the Netherlands [Soortenregister] are mentioned in literature:

Chalcidoidae
(Chalcid wasps)

Eulophidae
Melittobia
Melittobia acasta [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013]

Eurytomidae
Eurytoma [Coudrain et al. 2013]
Eurytoma nodularis [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Eurytoma verticillata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Pteromalidae
Dibrachys [Coudrain et al. 2013]

Torymidae
Monodontomerus
Monodontomerus vicicellae [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Torymus
Torymus armatus [Danks 1971 (als Diomorus armatus)]

Chrysididae
(Cuckoo wasps)

Chrysis
Chrysis fasciata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Chrysis fulgida [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Chrysis ignita [Paern et al. 2015],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013]
Chrysis obtusidens [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Chrysis rutilans [Martynova & Frateryg 2015]
Chrysis viridula [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Elampus
Elampus panzeri [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Pseudomalus
Pseudomalus auratus [Peeters et al. 2004],[Danks 1971 (als Omalus auratus),[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Woydak 1996 (als Omalus auratus)]
Pseudomalus pusillus [Peeters et al. 2004],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Woydak 1996 (als Omalus auratus)]

Trichrysis

Trichrysis cyanea
[Peeters et al. 2004],[Paern et al. 2015],[Paukkunen et al. 2015],[Danks 1971],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Coudrain et al. 2013]
Evanioidae [Peeters et al. 2004]
Gasteruption
Gasteruption assectator [Peeters et al. 2004],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[van Achterberg 2013],[Woydak 1996],[Coudrain et al. 2013],[Parslow et al. 2020]
Gasteruption jaculator [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[van Achterberg 2013],[Parslow et al. 2020]
Gasteruption opacum [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Parslow et al. 2020]
Ichneumonidae
(Ichneumon wasps)

Ephialtes
Ephialtes manifestator [Coudrain et al. 2013]

Hoplocryptus
Hoplocryptus confector [Schwarz 2007]

Mastrus [Danks 1971]

Perithous
Perithous divinator [van Achterberg 2013],[Woydak 1996]
Perithous mediator [Peeters et al. 2004],[Woydak 1996]
Perithous scurra [van Achterberg 2013]

Poemenia
Poemenia notata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Polysphincta [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Stenodontus
Stenodontus marginellus [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Townesia
Townesia tenuiventris [Blösch 2000],[Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Coleoptera
(Beetles)

Cleridae
Trichodes
Trichodes alvearius [Coudrain et al. 2013]

Dermestidae
Megatoma
Megatoma undata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Trogoderma
– Trogoderma glabrum [Coudrain et al. 2013]

Diptera
(Flies)

Anthomyiidae
Eustalomyia
Eustalomyia hilaris [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Bombyliidae
Anthrax [Coudrain et al. 2013]

Sarcophagidae
Amobia
Amobia signata [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Metopia
Metopia argyrocephala [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Tachinidae [Danks 1971]

Table 5-1: Parasitic species in the Netherlands

Parasitic species outside the Netherlands:

Chrysididae
Chrysis
Chrysis spledidula [Ruchin & Antropov 2019],[Martynova & Frateryga 2015]
Ichneumonidae
(Ichneumon wasps)

Aritranius [Woydak 1996]

Hoplocryptus
Hoplocryptus heliophilus [Ruchin & Antropov 2019 (als Aritranis heliophilus),[Schwarz 2007]
Hoplocryptus bohemani [Schwarz 2007]

Isadelphus
– Isadelphus armatus [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Nematopodius formosus
Nematopodius formosus [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]

Thrybius
Thrybius brevispina [Coudrain et al. 2013]
Diptera
(Flies)

Sarcophagidae
Amobia
Amobia oculata [Verves & Protsenko 2021]

Miltogramma
Miltogramma punctatum [Ruchin & Antropov 2019]
Table 5-2: Parasitic species outside the Netherlands

6. IDENTIFICATION

Length males: 7,5 – 10 mm
Length females: 9 – 12 mm

Genus

The genus Trypoxylon can be identified using the following characters:

1.  Forewing: with one submarginal cell [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, Trypoxylon: forewing with one submarginal cell

2. Eye: inner edge with deep U-shaped emargination [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, Trypoxylon: inner edge eye with deep U-shaped emargination

3. Abdomen: black [Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]. Wasp entirely black [Bitsch 2021],[Klein 1999]

4. Abdomen: relatively very long [Bitsch 2021],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]
The abdomen protrudes relatively far from beneath the wings.

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, Trypoxylon: abdomen entirely black, protrudes relatively far beyond wing tips


specimen caught for photo identification on 30-v-2022, length 12mm

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, propodeum
Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, imago

1. Antenna with 12 segments [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, antenna with twelve segments

2. Abdomen with 6 segments [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, abdomen with six segments

HEAD

1. Head: distance between eyes at vertex about as wide as the distance between the eyes at the clypeus [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, Distance between eyes at vertex about as wide as the distance between the eyes at the clypeus

2. Head: forehead (frons) without a shield-like area limited by carinae [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, frons without shield-like area limited by carinae

3. Head: forehead medial keel above antennal inplant weakly elevated, en profil without clear bend towards forehead line [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, medial keel above antennal inplant weakly elevated, en profil without clear bend towards forehead line

4. Head: clypeus apical edge between medial frontal lobe and eye irregularly emarginated [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, apical edge between medial frontal lobe and eye irregularly emarginated

5. Head: occipital carina lower part not enlarged [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, lower part occipital carina not enlarged

6. Head: upper side occiput with sparse prostrate hairs [Jacobs 2007]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, upperside occiput with sparce prostrate hairs

THORAX

1. Thorax: dorsally (mesonotum) matt [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, mesonotum matt

2. Thorax: pronotum rear edge black [Bitsch 2021],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, rear edge pronotum black

3. Thorax: foreleg shin (tibia) and tarsus black [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, foreleg shin (tibia) and tarsus black

4. Thorax: underside thorax (mesosternum): mid front, in front of forecoxae without thorn-like protrusion [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, mesosternum mid front, in front of forecoxae without protrusion

5. Hindleg: coxa III with a, seldom [Klein 1999], oval furrow with hairs not arranged in a gutter-shape [Bitsch 2021]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, Hindleg: coxa III with an oval furrow with hairs not arranged in a gutter-shape

6. Forewing: submarginal cel with acute or obtuse external angle [Bitsch 2021]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, Forewing: submarginal cel with acute or obtuse external angle

ABDOMEN

1. Abdomen: length tergite 1 clearly shorter than combined length of tergites 2 and 3 [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, Length tergite 1 clearly shorter than combined length of tergites 2 and 3


specimen caught for photo identification on 03-vii-2021, length ±9mm

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎

  1. Antenna with 13 segments [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]
Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, antenna with thirteen segments

2. Abdomen with 7 segments [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, abdomen with seven segments

HEAD

1. Antenna: length last antennal segment (13) is 2,2 to 3,6x longer than wide at base [Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991] (here 3,4x)
2. Antenna: length last antennal segment (13) about as long as combined length segments 10, 11 and 12 [Bitsch 2021],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, last antennal segment 2,2-3,6x longer than wide at base (here ±3,4x)

3. Antenna: second last antennal segment 0,5-0,8x longer than wide at base [Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991] (here ±0,7x)

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, second last antennal segment 0,5-0,8x longer than wide at base (here ±0,7x)

4. Forehead (frons): frons without a shield-like area limited by carinae [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, frons without a shield-like area limited by carinae

5. Distance between eyes at frons (l1) about as wide as the distance between the eyes at the clypeus (l2) [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, distance between eyes on vertex (l1) almost equal to distance between eyes at clypeus (l2)

6. Forehead: medial keel forehead weakly elevated above antennae implants, en profil no clear indentation [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, medial keel forehead weakly elevated above antennae implants, en profil no clear indentation

7. Head: lower part occipital carina not enlarged [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, occipital carina lower part not enlarged

THORAX

1. Thorax: dorsally (mesonotum) matt [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, mesonotum matt

2. Thorax: pronotum rear edge black [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, pronotum rear edge black

3. Foreleg: shin (tibia) and tarsus black [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, foreleg tibia and tarsus black

4. Thorax: mesosternum mid front edge, in front of forecoxae without thorn-like protrusion [Bitsch 2021],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, front edge mesosternum, in front of forecoxae without thorn-like protrusion

5. Thorax: side (mesopleuron): hairs on center mesopleuron longer than diameter frontal ocelle [Klein 1999],[Jacobs 2007],[Dollfuss 1991]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, hairs on center mesopleuron longer than diameter frontal ocelle

6. Forewing: submarginal cel with acute or obtuse external angle [Bitsch 2021]

Trypoxylon figulus ♀︎, Forewing: submarginal cel with acute or obtuse external angle

ABDOMEN

1. Abdomen: length tergum 1 clearly shorter than combined length tergites 2 and 3 [9,10,11]

Trypoxylon figulus ♂︎, length tergum 1 shorter than combined length terga 2 and 3


Literature

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Breugel 2014 Breugel, P. van., 2014. Gasten van bijenhotels. – EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten en andere ongewervelden & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden.

Coudrain et al. 2013 Coudrain, V., Herzog, F., & Entling, M. H., 2013. Effects of habitat fragmentation on abundance, larval food and parasitism of a spider-hunting wasp. PLoS One, 8(3), e59286.

Danks 1971 Danks, H.V., 1971. Biology of some stem‐nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 122.11: 323-395.

Dollfuss 1991 Dollfuss, H., 1991. Bestimmungsschlüssel der Grabwespen Nord-und Zentraleuropas. Stapfia, 24, 1-247.

Fabian et al. 2014 Fabian, Y., Sandau, N., Bruggisser, O. T., Aebi, A., Kehrli, P., Rohr, R. P., ... & Bersier, L. F., 2014. Plant diversity in a nutshell: testing for small‐scale effects on trap nesting wild bees and wasps. Ecosphere, 5(2), 1-18.

Jacobs 2007 Jacobs, H.J., 2007. Die Grabwespen Deutschlands Ampulicidae. Sphecidae, Crabronidae–Bestimmungsschlüssel in Blank, SM & Taeger, A (Hrsg): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, Hymenoptera III–Keltern, Goecke & Evers, 79: 1-207.

Klein 1999 Klein, W., 1999 De graafwespen van de Benelux: supplement. Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 1-37. + Klein, W., 1996. De graafwespen van de Benelux. Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 1-130.

Lomholdt 1984 Lomholdt, O., 1984. The Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 4.1: 2.

Martynova & Fateryga 2015 Martynova, K. V., & Fateryga, A. V., 2015. Chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)—Parasites of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae) in Crimea. Entomological Review, 95, 472-485.

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Citation

Krischan, O.R., 2025. Trypoxylon figulus. Kerfdier, www.kerfdier.nl. Accessed on [date month year].