Stigmus pendulus♀︎♂︎

Last update: 17 March 2025


Uncommon

Species Stigmus pendulus
Genus STIGMUS
Family PEMPHREDONIDAE



Ecological role Predator + pollinator

Voltinism Bivoltine
Activity
janfebmaraprmayjunjulaugsepoctnovdec

Observations
2024-VI-292024-VI-222024-VI-082024-V-192022-V-22
Months
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Years
20222024

Nesting strategy Hypergeic
Nestarchitecture Broodcells
Nest diameters (mm)
123456789101112131415


Official name

Synonyms

Stigmus pendulus [Soortenregister]

Stigmus ater

see more on: www.gbif.org

Etymology:

pendulus

Latin: hanging

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎
Stigmus pendulus ♂︎

CONTENTS

1. Distitrbution
2. Behaviour
3. Plant relations
4. Prey relations
5. Parasitic relations
6. Identification

1. DISTRIBUTION

Stigmus pendulus is an uncommon wasp [Waarneming.nl] that occurs in the interior of the Netherlands and is rarer at the coast [Waarneming.nl],[Peeters et al. 2004],[Klein 1999].

2. BEHAVIOUR

2.1. ACTIVITY

The species is active from end April to beginning of October [Peeters et al. 2004].

2.2. DEVELOPMENT

Nest

The species nests in abandoned corridors in wood made by other insects [Peeters et al. 2004].

Ei

The egg is probably placed ventrally on the prey thorax or abdomen, as in P. americanus [Bohart & Menke 1976].

2.3. BEE HOTEL

I’ve not yet observed the species on the bee hotels.

2.4. MATING

The species probably produces two generation per year [Peeters et al. 2004].

2.5. HUNTING

3. PLANT RELATIONS

3.1. WOOD TYPES

The following wood types are mentioned in literature as medium for the wasp to built her nests:

Adoxaceae
Sambucus (Elder) [Bohart & Menke 1976]
Betulaceae
Alnus
Alnus glutinosa (Black alder) [Peeters et al. 2004]

Carpinus
Carpinus betulus (Common hornbeam) [Peeters et al. 2004]
Celastraceae
Euonymus [Bohart & Menke 1976]
FabaceaeErythrina [Bohart & Menke 1976]
Lauraceae
Sassafras [Bohart & Menke 1976]
Malvaceae
Tilia
Tilia (Lime) [Vikberg 1999]
Oleaceae
Chionanthus [Bohart & Menke 1976]

Fraxinus
Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) [Peeters et al. 2004]

Syringa [Bohart & Menke 1976]
Paeoniaceae
Paeonia (Peony) [Bohart & Menke 1976]
Rosaceae
Rubus
Rubus (Bramble) [Peeters et al. 2004],[Bohart & Menke 1976]
SalicaceaeSalix
Salix (Willow) [Peeters et al. 2004]
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja
Buddleja davidii (Butterfly bush) [own observation]
(in drillholes of Anobium sp. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae))
Tabel 3.1-1: wood types used as nest substrate

Timber may be used as well [Bohart & Menke 1976].

3.2. FOOD PLANTS

The following plant species are mentioned in literature as food sources:

Table 3.2-1: Food plants in the Netherlands

4. PREY RELATIONS

The species uses Aphididae (Aphids) [Peeters et al. 2004],[Bohart & Menke 1976], including nymphs [Vikberg 1999].
The following species and group occurring in the Netherlands [Soortenregister] are mentioned in literature:

Aphididae
(Aphids)

Myzus
Myzus lythri [Woydak 1996]

Tuberculatus
Tuberculatus annulatus [Vikberg 1999]
Table 4-1: Prey species in the Netherlands

Prey species outside the Netherlands:

Tabel 4-2: Prey species outside the Netherlands

5. PARASITIC RELATIONS

The following species and groups occurring in the Netherlands [Soortenregister] are mentioned in literature:

Ichneumonidae
(Ichneumon wasps)

Perithous
Perithous divinator [Peeters et al. 2004],[Woydak 1996]
Perithous scurra [Peeters et al. 2004, as P. mediator],[Woydak 1996]
Chalcidoidae
(Chalcid wasps)

Torymidae
Torymus
Torymus armatus [Peeters et al. 2004, as Diomorus armatus]
Tabel 5-1: Parasitic species in the Netherlands

Parasitic species outside the Netherlands:

Tabel 5-2: Parasitic species outside the Netherlands

6. IDENTIFICATION

Length males: 3,5 – 4,5 mm
Length females: 4 – 5,5 mm

Genus

The genus Stigmus can be identified using the following characters:

1.  Forewing: with two submarginal cells [Bitsch 2022],Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, Stigmus: forewing with two submarginal cells

2. Forewing: with one discoidal cell [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, Stigmus: forewing with one discoidal cell

4. Forewing: length pterostigma (P) about equally large as marginal cell (M) [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, Stigmus: pterostigma (P) almost as large as marginal cell (M)

5. Abdomen: petiolate

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, Stigmus: Abdomen petiolate


Stigmus pendulus ♀︎
Stigmus pendulus ♀︎
Stigmus pendulus ♀︎
Stigmus pendulus ♀︎

1. Antenna: with 12 segments [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, antenna with twelve segments

2. Abdomen: with 6 segments [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, abdomen with six segments

3. Abdomen: tergum VI with pygidium [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, tergum VI with pygidium

HEAD

1. Frons: in front of frontal ocellus with longitudinal furrow [Bitsch 2022]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, frons: in front of frontal ocellus with longitudinal furrow

BORSTSTUK

1. Pronotal lobe: black [Bitch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♀︎, thorax: pronotal lobe black

2. Top side (mesepimeron): smooth and glossy, with scattered punctation [Bitch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, thorax: mesepimeron smooth and glossy, scattered punctation

ABDOMEN



Stigmus pendulus ♂︎
Stigmus pendulus ♂︎
Stigmus pendulus ♂︎
Stigmus pendulus ♂︎


1. Antenna: with 13 segments [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, antenna with thirteen segments

2. Abdomen: with 7 segments [Bitsch 2022],[Jacobs 2007]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, abdomen with seven segments

3. Abdomen: sternum VII with thorn [Bitch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

HEAD

1. Clypeus: apical edge without notched sides [Bitsch 2022]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, clypeus: without notches in the sides

2. Frons: in front of frontal ocellus with longitudinal furrow [Bitsch 2022]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, frons: in front of frontal ocellus with longitudinal furrow

THORAX

1. Pronotal lobe: black, seldom apically somewhat lighter [Bitch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, thorax: pronotal lobe black

2. Top side (mesepimeron): smooth and glossy, with scattered punctation [Bitch 2022],[Jacobs 2007],[Klein 1999]

Stigmus pendulus ♂︎, thorax: mesepimeron smooth and glossy, scattered punctation

ACHTERLIJF



Literature

Bitsch 2022 Bitsch, J., 2022. Hyménoptères sphéciformes d'Europe: Systématique (3e partie) : Pemphredoninae et Philanthinae. France: Fédération française des sociétés de sciences naturelles.

Bohart & Menke 1976 Bohart, R.M. & Menke A.S., 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision. - University of California Press, 695 p.

Jacobs 2007 Jacobs, H.J., 2007. Die Grabwespen Deutschlands Ampulicidae. Sphecidae, Crabronidae–Bestimmungsschlüssel in Blank, SM & Taeger, A (Hrsg): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, Hymenoptera III–Keltern, Goecke & Evers, 79: 1-207.

Klein 1999 Klein, W., 1999 De graafwespen van de Benelux: supplement. Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 1-37. + Klein, W., 1996. De graafwespen van de Benelux. Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 1-130.

Peeters et al. 2004 Peeters, T.M.J., C. van Achterberg, W.R.B. Heitmans, W.F. Klein, V. Lefeber, A.J. van Loon, A.A. Mabelis, H. Nieuwen-huijsen, M. Reemer, J. de Rond, J. Smit, H.H.W. Velthuis, 2004. De wespen en mieren van Nederland (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). – Nederlandse Fauna 6. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, Leiden, knnv Uitgeverij, Utrecht & European Invertebrate Survey – Nederland, Leiden.

Vikberg 1999 Vikberg, V., 1999. Crossocerus assimilis and Bethylus boops, two aculeate wasps new to the fauna of Finland (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae and Bethylidae). Entomologica Fennica, 10(4), 245-246.

Waarneming.nl Waarneming.nl

Woydak 1996 Woydak, H., 1996. Hymenoptera Aculeata Westfalica Familia: Sphecidae (Grabwespen), 3-135.

Citation

Krischan, O.R., 2025. Stigmus pendulus. Kerfdier, www.kerfdier.nl. Accessed on 1 May 2025.

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